三叠纪 Triassic

构造运动

During the Triassic, almost all the Earth’s land mass was concentrated into a single supercontinent centered more or less on the equator, called Pangaea (“all the land”).

在三叠纪时期，几乎所有的陆地板块都被以赤道附近为中心聚集在一起，称为泛大陆。

From the east a vast gulf entered Pangaea, the Tethys sea. It opened farther westward in the mid-Triassic, at the expense of the shrinking Paleo-Tethys Ocean, an ocean that existed during the Paleozoic.

从广阔的东海湾进入泛大陆，就是特提斯海洋。它在中三叠纪世向西方向扩张得更远，代价就是使得存在于古生代的古特斯提拉海洋收缩。

The remaining shores were surrounded by the world-ocean known as Panthalassa (“all the sea”). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean.

其余的被海岸包围的海洋称为联合海洋。三叠纪沉积下来的所有的深海沉积都已经通过大洋板块潜藏于地下而消失了；因此，我们对三叠纪的开放海洋所知甚少。

The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in the period—but had not yet separated.

超级泛大陆在三叠纪时期已经开始产生裂谷，尤其是在晚三叠世时期——但是还没有分离。

气候特征

The Triassic climate was generally hot and dry, so that typical deposits are red bed sandstones and evaporites. There is no evidence of glaciation at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and temperate, a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles.

三叠纪的气候总体上炎热且干旱，所以典型的沉积岩为红层砂岩和蒸发岩。在极点及其附近区域均未发现冰川活动的痕迹。事实上，当时高纬度区域温和而潮湿，十分适合脊椎动物（包括爬行动物）和森林的生长。

8.1

Pangaea’s large size limited the moderating effect of the global ocean; its continental climate was highly seasonal, with very hot summers and cold winters.The strong contrast between the Pangea supercontinent and the global ocean triggered intense cross-equatorial monsoons.

Pangea大陆广阔的面积限制了全球海洋的调节作用，使得大陆内部的气候呈现高度季节化的特征：夏天非常炎热，而冬天则极度寒冷。Pangea泛大陆与海洋之间的巨大热力差异引发了强烈的跨赤道季风。

Although the Triassic may have mostly been a dry period, at least at tropical and subtropical latitudes in the Tethys and surrounding lands, evidence exists that it was punctuated by several episodes of increased rainfall.

尽管三叠纪大部分是干旱的，但有证据表明在特提斯海及周围陆地的热带和副热带区域，不时会有短暂的降雨量的增加。